Identification and characterization of fungal pathogens associated with black root rot on saffron from Southern Khorasan, Iran

Abstract

Saffron, a spice derived from the dried stigmas of Crocus sativus flowers, is renowned for its high cost and culinary value. As a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Iridaceae family, saffron is susceptible to diseases such as corm rot, which has previously been attributed to various fungal pathogens including Fusarium, Penicillium, and Botrytis. It has been observed that soil-borne fungi are consumed by the bulb mite. Nonetheless, a significant amount of saprophytic fungi can be found in the soil of saffron fields. This may lead one to wonder if the saffron corm mite is a main or secondary pest. In this study, we aimed to identify the underlying causes of the early yellowing of saffron leaves and the reduction in the quantity and quality of this valuable product. A total of 100 plant samples displaying symptoms of infection, along with their corms, were collected and analyzed from various saffron cultivation areas in Qaen City, Southern Khorasan Province. Our findings revealed that the fungal genera Rhizoctonia and Curvularia were the primary causes of saffron root rot. This is the first report of Curvularia associated with saffron in Iran and other countries. The benefits of the disease-related information presented here extend to a diverse group of stakeholders, including farmers, learners, researchers, plant protection organizations, development departments, extension workers, policymakers, government agencies, and public organizations.