different form of Collagen Type I and Its Applications in Biomedicine, Nutrition, and Industry

Abstract

Collagen, the most abundant structural protein in the extracellular matrix, plays a vital role in maintaining the integrity and function of connective tissues. Among its 28 known types, Type I collagen is the most prevalent and extensively studied, particularly for its applications in biomedicine, nutrition, and industry. This review explores the molecular structure, hierarchical organization, and processed forms of Type I collagen—namely native collagen, atelocollagen, and hydrolyzed collagen peptides. Each form offers distinct structural and functional properties suited to specific applications, from tissue scaffolds and wound healing to oral supplements and cosmetic formulations. Special emphasis is placed on fish-derived collagen, which presents a sustainable and biocompatible alternative to mammalian sources, with advantages including lower immunogenicity and compatibility with halal and kosher standards. Extraction protocols for each collagen form are outlined, highlighting the importance of enzymatic treatment, purification techniques, and molecular weight control. The review also discusses recent advances in marine collagen processing and its translational potential across biomedical and industrial domains. By comparing structural features, processing methods, and application profiles, this article provides a comprehensive framework for selecting and utilizing Type I collagen in diverse contexts.