Insights into the Role of Magnesium-Containing Bioactive Glass in Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Olfactory Ecto-Mesenchymal Stem Cells
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22034/JATE.2026.217Keywords:
Bioactive glasses, Magnesium ion, Osteogenic differentiation, Ecto-mesenchymal stem cellsAbstract
In recent years, bone regenerative medicine has emphasized the modification of stem cells using bioactive glasses (BGs) that release various ions. Evaluating the effect of these ions in vitro is important for understanding their impact on cellular osteogenic differentiation. Human olfactory ecto-mesenchymal stem cells (hOE-MSCs) possess a high potential for differentiation into osteoblasts and, therefore, merit investigation as possible candidates for cell therapy in bone defect treatment. In this study, we examined the effect of magnesium (Mg) ions—an essential element in the body—on the osteogenic differentiation of hOE-MSCs. Mg-containing BG (BG-Mg) and Mg-free BG (BG-C, control) were synthesized and characterized using XRD, FTIR, DLS, FE-SEM, EDX, ICP-AES, TEM, and pH analysis. Following the culture and expansion of hOE-MSCs, their characteristics were evaluated by flow cytometry and multipotency assays to confirm the cells’ identity. The viability of the stem cells in response to all BGs was determined using MTT and Live/Dead assays at concentrations of 1, 1.5, 2, and 5 mg/mL. Gene expression related to osteogenic differentiation was quantified using real-time PCR, and Alizarin Red S staining was employed to assess mineralized extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Following the characterization of both BGs, and verification of the results, biocompatibility testing was performed. The assays showed that both BGs showed the highest biocompatibility at a concentration of 1.5 mg/ml, which supported optimal hOE-MSC survival. In real-time PCR analysis, an increase in ALP gene expression was determined in the BG-C group compared to the control group with a significant difference (***), and in Alizarin Red S staining, an increase in ECM in the BG-Mg group was also shown with a significant difference (*) compared to the control group. This study demonstrated that magnesium (Mg) ions released from BG-Mg and phosphorus (P) ions released from BG-C both play essential roles in enhancing the osteogenic differentiation of hOE-MSCs. These findings suggest that BG-Mg and BG-C are promising biomaterials for promoting hOE-MSC-based bone tissue regeneration.
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