Magnetically Responsive TPMS-Based Smart Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering: Numerical Investigation Using COMSOL Multiphysics
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22034/JATE.2026.212Keywords:
Smart Scaffold, Magnetic Field Stimulation, COMSOL Multiphysics, Bone Regeneration, TPMS StructureAbstract
Magnetically responsive scaffolds have emerged as promising platforms in tissue engineering due to their ability to provide remote, non-invasive stimulation for regulating cellular behavior and enhancing tissue regeneration. In this study, a novel triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS)-based smart scaffold reinforced with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) was designed and numerically investigated using COMSOL Multiphysics®. The scaffold architecture was optimized to combine high porosity, interconnected pore networks, and magnetic responsiveness for bone tissue engineering applications. A three-dimensional finite element model was developed to analyze magnetic flux density distribution, field intensity, and magnetic field propagation under an external static magnetic field. Simulations were performed using Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems to comprehensively evaluate magnetic behavior within and around the scaffold structure. The results demonstrated homogeneous magnetic field penetration throughout the porous architecture, with localized magnetic flux enhancement observed at pore-wall intersections and regions of high curvature. The maximum magnetic flux density reached approximately 2.08 mT, which lies within the biologically effective range reported for osteogenic stimulation. The proposed scaffold generated controllable magnetic microenvironments capable of enhancing mechanotransduction pathways, promoting cell proliferation, and supporting bone regeneration. The findings suggest that TPMS-based magnetic scaffolds represent a promising strategy for next-generation smart biomaterials and magnetically controlled regenerative therapies.
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